How Does gsm 4g Work?

When you study mobile communication technologies, you will find two kinds of terms. They are the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and LTE (Long-Term Evolution). These elements play a crucial role in mobile-to-mobile communication and SIM card operation. However, there are plenty of differences between GSM and LTE. In this article, we are going to discuss the difference between GSM and LTE in detail.

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What is the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)?

The Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a mobile network widely used by mobile users around the world. In GSM, the SIM Card can be carried in the new mobile handset. It is operated on either 900 MHz or 1, 800 MHz frequency band. In GSM, two technologies are used which are: FDMA and TDMA. 

Advantages of GSM

• The GSM Service is well known for its Global Coverage.

• The GSM can provide Good Voice Quality.

• GSM is easy to implement and maintain.

Disadvantages of GSM

• With 2G technology, GSM offers very slow data speeds.

• GSM is becoming outdated with the rise of 4G and 5G technologies.

• GSM is less secure compared to modern technologies.

What is the Long-Term Evolution (LTE)?

The Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for high-speed data communication. It delivers download speeds of around 100 Mbps and upload speeds of around 50 Mbps. It does not deliver good voice call quality while using the data services. It needs a SIM Card to validate the handset.

Advantages of LTE

• LTE provides faster download and upload speeds.

• LTE offers reduced latency which enhances real-time communication.

• LTE can provide Better Spectrum Efficiency.

Disadvantages of LTE

• LTE networks and devices can be more expensive to implement.

• LTE has a very Limited Coverage in Some Areas.

• LTE-enabled devices may consume more battery power.

Difference Between GSM and LTE

GSM

LTE

It is a prominent wireless technology used to determine the cellular network protocol used in mobile phones.

LTE refers to the next generation of wireless technology for the cellular mobile communication system.

GSM supports both voice calls and data.

Whereas it is used only for high-speed data communication.

GSM uses Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA) and Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA).

Whereas it uses Orthogonal frequency division multiple access(

OFDMA

) and Single-carrier frequency division multiple access(SC-FDMA)

In GSM, information is transported through channels that are separated into physical and logical channels.

Whereas in LTE, information is carried out using physical, logical, and transport channels.

GSM uses both the second-generation (also known as 2G) and third-generation (3G) communication standards.

LTE only uses the fourth generation (4G).

In GSM, two frequency bands are used 900 MHz and MHz.

Whereas in LTE, frequency bands from 1 to 25 and from 33 to 41 are reserved for

FDD( Frequency Division Duplex)

and

TDD(Time Division Duplex)

respectively.

In this, the information of the customer is stored in a sim card.

Whereas in this, a sim card is required to verify the mobile .

It is a comparatively slow network.

Whereas it is the fastest network.

The GSM architecture consists of the following:-

• Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

• Core Network (CN)

• User Equipment (UE). 

The fundamental elements in the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) LTE architecture of Release 8 are as follows:-

• NB (E-UTRAN Node B)

• eGW (access gateway)

• MME (Mobile Management Entity)

• UPE (User Plane Entity).

Modulation Method-

• Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)

Modulation Method-

• Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

• 16 QAM 

• 64 QAM

ARFCN is the GSM channel number.

EARFCN is the LTE channel number.

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It is used for voice calls, GPRS, and data communications, and it includes new capabilities including SAIC, VAMOS, and MSRD. 

It is designed for data calls and includes MIMO, carrier aggregation, beamforming, and enhanced release ten versions.

GSM follows 2*2 MIMO advancement.

 LTE follows 8*8, 4*4 MIMO advancement.

Conclusion

Both GSM and LTE are so important for mobile and smartphone communication. Though the LTE can replace the GSM, the need for the GSM does not vanish yet. Understanding the difference between GSM and LTE will help to understand the working of respective devices as well.

Difference between GSM and LTE &#; FAQs

Can I make Voice Calls with LTE?

Yes, you can certainly make some voice calls with the help of the LTE. The LTE is not only known for its fast internet connection. But also, it is well-known for its voice call service. The voice call that can be made with LTE is known as the VoLTE. The VoLTE stands for Voice over LTE.

Will LTE replace the GSM?

The LTE is the latest generation connection that is being used by most of the individuals. And experts say, there is a good chance that the LTE might replace the GSM. However, the replacement will not be a complete removal as there are many aspects where the GSM is the only choice.

Can I use a GSM on an LTE network?

The answer will be NO! Most GSM phones are not compatible with LTE networks unless they are equipped with the necessary hardware to support LTE. However, many modern smartphones support both GSM and LTE. This will allow to switch seamlessly between the two networks.

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What is GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)?

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile network that is widely used by mobile users in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony technologies: TDMA, GSM and code-division multiple access (CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 megahertz (MHz) or 1,800 MHz frequency band.

GSM, together with other technologies, is part of the evolution of wireless mobile telecommunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).

History

Predecessors to GSM, including Advanced Mobile Service (AMPS) in the U.S. and Total Access Communication System (TACS) in the U.K., were built with analog technology. However, these telecommunications systems were unable to scale with the adoption of more users. The shortcomings of these systems signaled the need for a more efficient cellular technology that could also be used internationally.

To achieve that goal, in , the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) set up a committee to develop a European standard for digital telecommunications. CEPT decided on several criteria that the new system must meet: international roaming support, high speech quality, support for hand-held devices, low service cost, support for new services and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) capability.

In , representatives from 13 European countries signed a contract to deploy a telecommunications standard. The European Union (EU) then passed laws to require GSM as a standard in Europe. In , the responsibility of the GSM project was transferred from CEPT to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).

Mobile services based on GSM were first launched in Finland in . That same year, the GSM standard frequency band was expanded from 900 MHz to 1,800 MHz. In , GSM represented 80% of the global mobile market. However, several telecommunications carriers have decommissioned their GSM networks, including Telstra in Australia. In , Singapore retired its 2G GSM network.

Composition of the network

The GSM network has four separate parts that work together to function as a whole: the mobile device itself, the base station subsystem (BSS), the network switching subsystem (NSS) and the operation and support subsystem (OSS).

The mobile device connects to the network via hardware. The subscriber identity module (SIM) card provides the network with identifying information about the mobile user.

Diagram of the GSM network organization

The BSS handles traffic between the cellphone and the NSS. It consists of two main components: the base transceiver station (BTS) and the base station controller (BSC). The BTS contains the equipment that communicates with the mobile phones, largely the radio transmitter receivers and antennas, while the BSC is the intelligence behind it. The BSC communicates with and controls a group of base transceiver stations.

The NSS portion of the GSM network architecture, often called the core network, tracks the location of callers to enable the delivery of cellular services. Mobile carriers own the NSS. The NSS has a variety of parts, including mobile switching center (MSC) and home location register (HLR). These components perform different functions, such as routing calls and Short Message Service (SMS) and authenticating and storing caller account information via SIM cards.

Because many GSM network operators have roaming agreements with foreign operators, users can often continue to use their phones when they travel to other countries. SIM cards that hold home network access configurations may be switched to those with metered local access, significantly reducing roaming costs, while experiencing no reductions in service.

Security details

Although GSM was designed as a secure wireless system, it can still experience attacks. GSM uses authentication measures, such as challenge-response authentication, which prompts a user to provide a valid answer to a question, and a preshared key that is in the form of a password or passphrase.

There are a few cryptographic security algorithms that GMS employs, including stream ciphers that encrypt plaintext digits. A5/1, A5/2 and A5/3 are three stream ciphers that ensure a user's conversation is private. However, the algorithms for both A5/1 and A5/2 have been broken and published and are therefore susceptible to plaintext attacks.

GSM uses GPRS, a packet-based communication service, to transmit data, such as through web browsing. However, the ciphers that GPRS uses, GEA1 and GEA2, were broken and published as well in . Researchers published open source software to sniff packets in the GPRS network.

What are GSM vs. CDMA vs. LTE differences?

The big difference among GSM, CDMA and LTE (long-term evolution) cellular-wireless communications is the technology behind them and the business objectives each is designed to meet. GSM is the oldest of the three. Developed and adopted as a standard in Europe, GSM used the processor/chip technologies available at the time to encode and decode data.

For a time, mobile operators deployed 2G GSM across many countries worldwide except for the U.S. and several countries in South America. Incompatibility with existing analog AMPS systems largely drove these exceptions. To provide the necessary interim compatibility with GSM, they evaluated GSM's economies of scale for their networks. Carriers employed D-AMPS (Digital-Advanced Mobile Service), a digital version of AMPS based on Interim Standard (IS)-136 for TDMA networking (itself an evolution of the original 2GL D-AMPS standard, IS-54) from the Electronics Industries Association/Telecommunication Industry Association. It eventually became clear that TDMA protocols weren't sufficiently spectrum efficient to support fast-growing cellular services, however. This led to the introduction of CDMA protocols.

ITU IS-95, also known as cdmaOne, became the CDMA digital cellular standard in , gaining popularity in countries using older Analog AMPS systems. That said, IS-95 needed powerful processors because coding and decoding CDMA required significantly more compute power than decoding and coding TDMA. As a result, CDMA phones were more expensive than GSM models.

Cellular technology evolved from there. For data, GSM introduced GPRS, which led to EDGE, while cdmaOne led to ANSI- 1xRTT. That, in turn, led to EV-DO. Because of their superior efficiency, 3GPP adopted CDMA protocols under Wide-Band CDMA (W-CDMA) for implementation in 3G UMTS.

The evolution of GSM and CDMA technologies and standards from 1G to 5G.

By contrast, 4G LTE is a GSM technology and a major upgrade over 3G in terms of data transfer speeds. It offers no way of making calls in the traditional sense, however. To make regular calls, LTE uses specialized voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) for what's referred to as VoLTE.

CDMA and GSM technologies eventually converged through Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), LTE's encoding protocol. OFDMA is also the encoding protocol used for WiMAX and Wi-Fi networks.

As 5G becomes more commonplace, there's an expectation that it will come with new encoding protocols. It's still too early to predict whether 5G will be a progressive evolution in telecommunications or mark a technological revolution in this market. Either way, most telecommunication industry watchers agree that its effects will be global in scale and dramatic.

GSM or CDMA: Which is more popular?

Between GSM and CDMA, GSM -- and, by extension, its descendants 5G New Radio (NR), UMTS and LTE -- is more popular. GSM-based technologies are deployed in practically every country in the world.

CDMA, by contrast, is currently used in less than 10 countries. Furthermore, carriers will shut down almost all those CDMA networks in the next five years.

What are some limitations of GSM?

Though GSM is the preferred technology for today's telecommunication ecosystems, it isn't without its shortcomings. The following are some disadvantages of GSM:

Electronic interference. Because GSM uses a pulse-transmission technology, it is known to interfere with electronics like hearing aids. This electromagnetic interference is why certain places like airports, gas stations and hospitals require mobile phones be turned off.

Bandwidth lag. When using GSM technologies, multiple users access the same bandwidth, sometimes resulting in considerable latency as more users join the network.

Limited rate of data transfer. GSM offers a somewhat limited data transfer rate. To achieve higher data rates, a user must switch to a device with more advanced forms of GSM.

Repeaters. GSM technologies require carriers to install repeaters to increase coverage.

Download speeds have increased considerably as networks have evolved from 2G GPRS technology used by GSM carriers to today's fledgling 5G technologies.

Which carrier networks use GSM in the U.S.?

The following are some GSM networks in the U.S.:

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• AT&T
• T-Mobile USA Inc.
• Telecom North America Mobile Inc.
• Union Wireless
• Viaero Wireless
• Cellular One
• Cordova Wireless
• Corr Wireless
• NEP Wireless
• Pine Cellular
• Plateau Wireless
• West Central Wireless
• XIT Communications
• Westlink
• DTC Wireless
• Epic PCS
• Earthtones
• Fuzion Mobile
• i-Wireless
• Indigo Wireless
• Immix