What is the Advantage and Disadvantage of Neck Semiconductor Laser Device

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Abstract

Lasers have wide applications in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases and various medical fields. Laser therapy like the other methods has advantages and disadvantages. Some risks such as bleeding, pain, and infection are created after laser therapy. Explanation and evaluation of laser effects on cell function, tissue, and the body are the aims of this study. We reviewed papers available from to about the effects of lasers on cells and tissue. An online search of PubMed, Science Direct and Google scholar using such keywords as "laser", "cell", "tissue", "body" and "side effects" was performed. The laser photons are absorbed by chromophores, resulting in the target heating and localized damage. Laser irradiation alters cellular metabolism and cellular functions. These alterations may be accompanied by undesired side effects which can be monitored via metabolites level change in the body. Based on this finding, laser therapy may be associated with several side effects and complications; therefore, before treatment, the determination of laser types and their properties is necessary to avoid creating side effects. The advantages and disadvantages of the treatment type should be considered in order to choose the best treatment with the least side effects. The patients&#; awareness of possible side effects before treatment and also an effective follow-up and management of patients after action are two important points in laser therapy. Training curriculum definition should be determined for laser applicant qualifications in different medical fields.

Keywords:

laser therapy, Cell, Tissue, Body

Introduction

The first line of treatment in the case of many diseases is usually medication; however, the elevation of the therapeutic dose of drugs in numerous cases can lead to increasing further side effects. Patients are not satisfied with medical treatment due to incomplete pain control or drug side effects. Drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, nystagmus, nausea, and memory loss are common side effects of drugs that require alternative treatment. When drug therapy is not useful and fails, other types of management such as surgical treatment and laser therapy1 are suggested. Laser therapy is commonly used in the treatment of diseases such as trigeminal neuralgia and dermatologic diseases.2 Lasers, as the source of light or radiation energy, were described by Theodore Meimann in .3 Laser devices produce electromagnetic radiation that is relatively uniform in wavelength, phase, and polarization. Different kinds of lasers are used for medical treatments. Laser therapy is a form of medicine that applies laser radiation to the surface of the body. While lasers are used to cut or remove tissue, relieve pain, reduce inflammation and edema, promote wounds, prevent tissue damage, and heal deeper tissues and nerves in medicine, they stimulate and enhance cell and tissue function. The effects of lasers are confined to the special set of wavelengths. Several studies indicate that laser therapy may be effective in relieving pain for nervous system diseases4,5 such as trigeminal neuralgia,6 rheumatoid arthritis,7 chronic neck pain,8 and osteoarthritis.9 Photons are absorbed by the electron absorption bands of the receptors called chromophores and cause the effects. The main tissue chromophores including hemoglobin and melanin have high absorption bands during shorter waves. Also, water strongly absorbs infrared photons at wavelengths above nm. Therefore, using low-level lasers in medicine is known as a suitable tool. Low-Level Lasers such as ruby, Argone, HeNe, and Krypton are types of lasers that affect biological systems through non-thermal means.10 In order to influence the visible light exposure to a living biological system, it can absorb photons by using electron capture bands belonging to some molecular photo-receptors. When the tissue chromophores, often hemoglobin, water or melanin, are affected by laser energy, the photon is absorbed, so it causes the target material to heat up and inflicts localized damage. In addition, laser energy is absorbed more rapidly and intensively through the skin and then causes localized damage.11 Furthermore, the person who directs the laser must be fully trained and skilled because lasers of an unspecified purpose can burn or destroy healthy tissue. Treatment complications of laser therapy may occur following the application of different types of laser devices and must be anticipated. In this article, we explain and evaluate several effects of lasers on cell functions, tissue, and the body.

Methods

Papers which explain the effects of lasers on cells, tissue and organisms and also laser therapy complication in the online journals that were published from to were searched. An online search of PubMed, Science Direct and Google scholar using such keywords as &#;laser&#;, &#;cell&#;, &#;tissue&#;, &#;body&#; and &#;side effects&#; was performed. All documents in the English language were considered. The titles were screened and the suitable abstracts were studied. Finally, the appropriate articles were selected and the full text of these documents was extracted.

Introducing Laser Devices and Tissue Chromophores

Various types of laser devices are used in medicine. demonstrates a list of laser types, their applications, and their properties.3,12-14 The fields in which relevant lasers are applied are also shown in . Tissue chromophores that absorb laser photons and the related absorbed wavelengths are tabulated in .15,16 Nucleic acid, protein, hemoglobin, melanin, water, lipid, elavins, and cytochrome oxidase are highlighted as chromophores.

Table 1

Laser Type Wavelength (nm) Chromophore Application Ruby694Pigment, hemoglobinDermatologyNd:YAGPigment, proteins, hemoglobinWide applicationHo:YAGWaterSurgery, root canal lithotripsyEr:YAG WaterSurgery, dental drillKTP532Pigment, hemoglobinDermatologyAlexandrite720-800PigmentBone cuttingHeNe633Pigment, hemoglobinPhotodynamic therapyArgone350-514Pigment, hemoglobinSurgery, photodynamic therapy, dermatologyDiod lasers630&#;98 0nmPigment, water, proteinsPhotodynamic therapy surgeryCoWaterSurgeryArF Excimer193ProteinsCorneal surgeryXeCl Exicimer308Proteins, lipidsDermatologyNitrogen337PigmentDermatologyCopper Vapor578PigmentDermatologyGold Vapor628PigmentPhotodynamic therapyArgon-pumped dye630-690PigmentPhotodynamic therapyKTP pumped dye630-635PigmentPhotodynamic therapyFlash lamp pumped dye580-600PigmentDermatologyOpen in a separate window

Table 2

Chromophores Absorption Wavelengths (nm) Nucleic acid 260-280Protein 280-300Hemoglobin400, 542, 554, 576Melanin 400-800Water -Flavins420-500Cytochrome oxidase620-900Open in a separate window

Epidermal Side Effects of Laser Therapy

Laser therapy has been used for forty years to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation, prevent tissue damage, heal wounds, and treat deeper tissues and nerves. In these fields, the laser stimulates or inhibits cell and tissue function which leads to clinical effects finally.17-20

Before laser therapy, patients&#; history including abnormal scarring, allergy, excessive sun exposure, herpes virus infection, any vascular and immunological disorders, tissue reinforced with silicone, smoking, and former cosmetic surgery must be considered. Because many drugs including amiodarone, minocycline, warfarin, isotretinoin, aspirin, niacin, vitamin E cause delayed healing, bleeding, scarring, increased bruising, hyperpigmentation, and localized chrysiasis after laser therapy, the medications that the patients have taken must be considered.21-23

The open wounds that are created after laser resurfacing and laser tattoo removal require daily care to optimize healing. Otherwise, infection, persistent erythema, and scarring are created. There are a variety of complications after reconstructive surgery and facial rejuvenation using CO2 and Er: YAG lasers. These include bacterial and viral infections, pain, persistent erythema, delayed healing, scarring, hypopigmentation, hyperpigmentation, acne, milia, ectropion, pruritus, contact dermatitis, vascular proliferation, and eruptive keratoacanthomas.24-28

Now many new pulsed dye laser generations are available with variable pulse duration, longer wavelengths, faster repetition rates, larger spot sizes, and epidermal cooling devices. Although these upgraded devices improve clinical results, some complications and side effects have not been eliminated completely. For example, several complications of pulsed dye laser therapy such as purpura, blisters, pain, crusting, hypopigmentation, hyperpigmentation, dermatitis, and atrophic scarring have remained.29,30 However, researchers have identified that laser therapy is associated with a relatively low complication rate. The complications and side effects that are observed after laser treatment are temporary and are not dramatically severe or do not lead to long-term effects.31

Effects of Laser on Cell Function

In cells, mitochondria are the first site to show the early effects of laser with photon absorption. After photon absorption by the cytochrome c oxidase enzyme, the chromophore for the red-NIR range, an electron-excited state, and an intensified electron transfer reaction are up-regulated. This process leads to the increment of ATP production, the modulation of reactive oxygen species, and the induction of expression of TNF transcription factors.32 Changes in cellular redox status regulate many transcription factors such as NF-κB, Ref-1, p53, ATF/CREB, and HIF-1α. This then induces transcriptional changes and the activation of several intracellular signaling pathways such as protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, cell cycle progression, and enzyme activation. Additionally, it stimulates the differentiation of some cell types33 and leads to increased cell proliferation and cell migration, growth factors and inflammatory mediators, and the modulation of cytokines ( ).34 All mentioned alterations are accompanied by possible dysregulation in the molecular mechanism of cell function because cell proliferation and cell cycle progression are important processes on which cell function depends.35 Also, lasers alter cellular metabolism and transcription factors which are responsible for gene expression.36

Open in a separate window

A Schematic View of Laser Effects on Cellular Function. Processes start with photon absorption and end to the related biological effects.

Metabolomic Effect of Laser

Intravascular laser blood irradiation is used in the treatment of various diseases. Laser irradiation therapy influences the whole of organisms, cells, and tissues and it may alter the metabolome profile. It induces ATP synthesis and energy formation in cells, reduces the status of glucose, cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, and very low-density lipoproteins, stabilizes the hormonal and immune system, and increases arginine and nitric oxide production. Arginine causes the release of some hormones such as glucagon, insulin, growth hormone, adrenalin, prolactin, and catecholamines.37-39 In diabetic patients, after laser blood irradiation, levels of main metabolites such as glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, dehydroascorbic acid, R-3-hydroxybutyric acid, L-histidine, and L-alanine decrease and L-arginine increase in plasma.40

Hypertrichosis After Laser Therapy

In after the approval of FDA, because of the relative safety and efficacy of lasers and highly pulsating lasers (HPLs) treatments, HPLs were commonly used to terminate unwanted hair growth by using laser wavelengths in the red and 600- nm range and pulsing light energy to melanin in hair shafts.Upon absorption, the light converts to thermal energy and destroys the hair follicle precursor cells while destroying the surrounding tissue.41,42 After a few months, Hypertrichosis, a rare and significant side effect, occurs in areas treated with laser devices with low fluencies and all laser types43 such as Nd:YAG, diode lasers, and alexandrite lasers.44-48 Hypertrichosis is the result of suboptimal rays that are too low to stimulate thermolysis and high enough to induce follicular growth and convert follicles from telogen (resting phase) to anagen (active phase) or transform vascular follicles into terminal follicles. It mostly occurs in the patients&#; face and neck with darker skin and coarse hair with hormonal imbalances.10,13 Its pathogenesis includes the regulation of prostaglandin E2 (inflammatory mediator) production by ultraviolet radiation and stimulation. Reversible hypertrichosis and hair growth occur when it is applied topically.49,50

Diabetic Retinopathy and Laser Therapy

Diabetic retinopathy laser therapy is an effective treatment to prevent vision loss in diabetic patients. Laser therapy is an effective method for preventing vision loss and maintaining long-term vision, but it is inherently destructive and is associated with side-effects, especially with regards to dark adaptation, peripheral visual function, and night vision.14,51

Laser photon is absorbed by pigment cells in the retina, thereby increasing the temperature in the cell and heating it and thus destroying the outer retina cells including the outer receptor photon and the retinal pigment epithelium. Therefore, the laser burns and leads retinal to thinning and results in an increased retinal ability to extract oxygen from the choroid. Thinning of the retina improves relative oxygenation in the retinal tissue, but it is ischemic destruction and retina also decreases the release of angiogenic growth factors such as VEGF. This process leads to regression or disappearance of retinal vascular vessels.52-55

Pain, development of macular edema, losing visual field, reduction in night vision, color vision loss, retinal scarring, and reduction in contrast sensitivity are seen in several diabetic patients after retinopathy laser therapy.56-58 However, most patients are able to tolerate pain, but shortening the duration of the laser pulse, specifically avoiding prolonged posterior nerves in three to nine hours&#; position and failing treatment in a few sessions can reduce pain and improve patients&#; condition. Using longer laser wavelengths is more uncomfortable and limits the ability to tolerate pain in some patients.59-61 Although macular edema is resolved within weeks to months after laser therapy in some patients, it can lead to their loss of visual acuity. To reduce macular edema after laser therapy, the number of laser spots delivered per session must decrease.62-64

The negative effect of lasers on peripheral visual fields has been studied by evaluating the visual correctness of different laser techniques. Scores for the visual field in diabetic patients after laser therapy on the four-year visit are worse and the visual field reduces. Moreover, diminished color vision after laser therapy is reported.65,66 Decreased night vision and contrast sensitivity have also been reported following laser therapy in several studies.67 Choroidal detachment or effusions, commonly and potentially adverse effects of laser therapy, lead to the anterior angle shallowing, elevated intraocular pressure or angle closure glaucoma and are resolved with any treatment and rarely cause visual sequelae.68 Vascular congestion of the choroid almost happens after xenon or argon laser therapy and causes the eyelashes to rotate to the shallow anterior chamber and transiently increases intraocular pressure. This can lead to transient accommodation and transient myopia or transient increased intraocular pressure.69

Additional reading:
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Which Wide Field Fundus Camera is the Best Investment for Ophthalmologists Today?
Revolutionizing Eye Care: Next-level Retina Examinations?"Did you know that new Retina Examination Solutions are making eye care more accurate, efficient, and convenient? How are these advancements re
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Link to Easetak

Laser therapy can result in misdirected or excessively intense burns, bleeding from the choriocapillaris, damage to macular and other ocular structures, and breaks in Bruch&#;s membrane. The use of excessive energy in laser therapy breaks Burch&#;s membrane and then fibroblast growth factor synthesis and the retinal pigment epithelium active to synthesize vascular endothelial growth factor that leads to the development of choroidal neovascularization.70-72

In several patients after the laser procedure, many side effects including choroidal detachment, hollowing of the anterior chamber, exudative retinal detachment, and increased intraocular pressure are reported.73,74

After laser therapy, we need to follow up patients and checkup some factors such as change and appearance in vessels, vitreous hemorrhage frequency and extent, vitreous detachment status, scars extent, and fibrous proliferations extent from the last retinopathy laser therapy on.75

Conclusion

Laser therapy requires highly trained and skilled people who have to carry out the laser procedure and give precautions after surgery to the patient, and caring after the laser operation is very important to get the desired result. Some after-effects of treatment, such as scarring and hypopigmentation may appear several months after laser application. Laser therapy is not a method without side effects and most of the times it is accompanied by failures. The probability of adverse side effects should be meticulously compared to beneficial results to make a reasonable clinical decision from one patient to the other. Patient satisfaction is an important point and many side effects cannot be avoided; therefore, all possible risks and potential complications after laser therapy should be explained to patients. Patients should be aware of long-term risks before laser therapy. If an undesirable complication is managed immediately, the prevention of permanent damage may be possible.

Ethical Considerations

Not applicable.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Notes

Please cite this article as follows: Khalkhal E, Razzaghi M, Rostami-Nejad M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Heidari Beigvand H, Rezaei Tavirani M. Evaluation of laser effects on the human body after laser therapy. J Lasers Med Sci. ;11(1):91-97. doi:10./jlms..15.

Types of Laser Therapy

There are two main types of laser therapy used in medicine: low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and high-intensity laser therapy (HILT). LLLT stimulates tissue using a diode or semiconductor laser, while HILT uses a more powerful laser to heat and destroy tissue in a specific area. Common laser therapy systems include CO2, Er: YAG, and Nd: YAG lasers.

Low-Level Laser Therapy-  Low-level laser therapy works to stimulate and increase tissue regeneration through the release of nitric oxide and endorphins. This release helps to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation, as well as help with muscle relaxation and regeneration.

High-Intensity Laser Therapy- High-intensity laser therapy treats various issues by destroying pathological tissues and inducing an inflammatory response. HILT is commonly used for skin treatments, such as scar removal and the treatment of sun damage. It can also be used to treat dental issues, such as cavities' ablation and fillings' preparation.

Benefits of Laser Therapy and How Physiotherapy Helps

Laser therapy has numerous potential benefits, and physiotherapy can be key in optimizing these benefits. Here are some of its benefits of it and how physiotherapy can help:

Pain Relief

• Stimulates the production of natural pain relievers while decreasing the chemicals that trigger feelings of pain.
• It can be especially helpful for individuals with chronic or acute pain related to injury or other conditions.
• Physiotherapists can use laser therapy and other techniques, such as exercise and manual therapy, to enhance their effectiveness in treating musculoskeletal conditions.

Swelling Reduction

• It can reduce swelling by increasing blood circulation and promoting faster healing.
• Enhanced drainage of toxic products.
• Physiotherapists can use laser therapy as a comprehensive treatment plan to improve overall health and well-being.

Skin Rejuvenation

• It can remove warts, moles, and acne, improving appearance.
• Physiotherapists can use laser therapy to help patients achieve their aesthetic goals as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.

By integrating laser therapy into a comprehensive physiotherapy treatment plan, patients can experience faster recovery times and more significant improvements in their overall health and well-being. Physiotherapists can help patients achieve these benefits by using laser therapy and other techniques to address their needs and goals.

Potential Risk Factors of Laser Therapy

While laser therapy is generally considered a safe and effective treatment option, there are potential risks associated with its use. Some of the potential risks of this therapy include the following:

• Skin irritation or burns from exposure to the laser
• Eye damage or vision loss from exposure to the laser
• Increased risk of skin cancer with repeated exposure to the laser
• Risk of infection if the laser is used to treat an open wound or infection

To minimize laser therapy risks, choose a qualified provider, follow post-treatment care instructions, and use it in appropriate circumstances. Laser therapy is safe and effective with a qualified provider.

Choosing the Right Laser Therapy Doctor: What to Look For

Laser therapy can be highly effective, but finding the right doctor to perform the procedure is important. To find a good doctor for laser therapy:

1. Consider their credentials, experience, reputation, technology, and communication skills.
2. Don't settle for just anyone - choose a licensed and experienced professional who uses the latest technology and equipment.
3. Don't wait any longer to start feeling better.
4. Schedule an appointment with a trusted laser therapy doctor today!

How to Prepare for Laser Therapy

Although the procedure is safe, you will need some basic preparations before therapy. The common preparations include

• Plan to provide enough time for recovery after the surgery.
• Arrange for people who can assist you back home after the procedure. You may still be under the influence of general anesthesia. 
• Consult the physician to ensure stopping the regular medications at the right time before the treatment. It will otherwise affect blood clotting, especially when the medicines contain blood thinners. 

Experience the Benefits of Laser Therapy: Book Your Appointment Today

If you're looking for a effective and safe treatment for various medical conditions, laser therapy may be the solution you've been searching for. With its proven ability to reduce pain, improve circulation, and promote healing, laser therapy has become increasingly popular in recent years. Whether you're dealing with chronic pain or trying to recover from an injury, it can offer relief and help you get back to your daily activities. So why wait? Contact us today to get effective laser therapy services and schedule your appointment. Let Physiotattva help you take the first step toward a happier, healthier you!

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