When to Use Directional Control Valve？

Type of machine that uses liquid fluid power to perform work

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This article is about power machinery. For civil engineering concerning water management, see Hydraulics

"Hydraulic equipment" redirects here. For exercise equipment using hydraulic cylinders for resistance, see Resistance training

A simple open center hydraulic circuit. An excavator; main hydraulics: Boom cylinders, swing drive, cooler fan, and trackdrive Fundamental features of using hydraulics compared to mechanics for force and torque increase/decrease in a transmission.

Hydraulic machines use liquid fluid power to perform work. Heavy construction vehicles are a common example. In this type of machine, hydraulic fluid is pumped to various hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders throughout the machine and becomes pressurized according to the resistance present. The fluid is controlled directly or automatically by control valves and distributed through hoses, tubes, or pipes.

Hydraulic systems, like pneumatic systems, are based on Pascal's law which states that any pressure applied to a fluid inside a closed system will transmit that pressure equally everywhere and in all directions. A hydraulic system uses an incompressible liquid as its fluid, rather than a compressible gas.

The popularity of hydraulic machinery is due to the large amount of power that can be transferred through small tubes and flexible hoses, the high power density and a wide array of actuators that can make use of this power, and the huge multiplication of forces that can be achieved by applying pressures over relatively large areas. One drawback, compared to machines using gears and shafts, is that any transmission of power results in some losses due to resistance of fluid flow through the piping.

History

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Joseph Bramah patented the hydraulic press in .[1] While working at Bramah's shop, Henry Maudslay suggested a cup leather packing.[2][clarification needed] Because it produced superior results, the hydraulic press eventually displaced the steam hammer for metal forging.[3]

To supply large-scale power that was impractical for individual steam engines, central station hydraulic systems were developed. Hydraulic power was used to operate cranes and other machinery in British ports and elsewhere in Europe. The largest hydraulic system was in London. Hydraulic power was used extensively in Bessemer steel production. Hydraulic power was also used for elevators, to operate canal locks and rotating sections of bridges.[1][3] Some of these systems remained in use well into the twentieth century.

Harry Franklin Vickers was called the "Father of Industrial Hydraulics" by ASME.[why?]

Force and torque multiplication

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A fundamental feature of hydraulic systems is the ability to apply force or torque multiplication in an easy way, independent of the distance between the input and output, without the need for mechanical gears or levers, either by altering the effective areas in two connected cylinders or the effective displacement (cc/rev) between a pump and motor. In normal cases, hydraulic ratios are combined with a mechanical force or torque ratio for optimum machine designs such as boom movements and track drives for an excavator.

Examples

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Two hydraulic cylinders interconnected

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Cylinder C1 is one inch in radius, and cylinder C2 is ten inches in radius. If the force exerted on C1 is 10 lbf, the force exerted by C2 is  lbf because C2 is a hundred times larger in area (S = πr²) as C1. The downside to this is that you have to move C1 a hundred inches to move C2 one inch. The most common use for this is the classical hydraulic jack where a pumping cylinder with a small diameter is connected to the lifting cylinder with a large diameter.

Pump and motor

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If a hydraulic rotary pump with the displacement 10 cc/rev is connected to a hydraulic rotary motor with 100 cc/rev, the shaft torque required to drive the pump is one-tenth of the torque then available at the motor shaft, but the shaft speed (rev/min) for the motor is also only one-tenth of the pump shaft speed. This combination is actually the same type of force multiplication as the cylinder example, just that the linear force in this case is a rotary force, defined as torque.

Both these examples are usually referred to as a hydraulic transmission or hydrostatic transmission involving a certain hydraulic "gear ratio".

Hydraulic circuits

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A hydraulic circuit is a system comprising an interconnected set of discrete components that transport liquid. The purpose of this system may be to control where fluid flows (as in a network of tubes of coolant in a thermodynamic system) or to control fluid pressure (as in hydraulic amplifiers). For example, hydraulic machinery uses hydraulic circuits (in which hydraulic fluid is pushed, under pressure, through hydraulic pumps, pipes, tubes, hoses, hydraulic motors, hydraulic cylinders, and so on) to move heavy loads. The approach of describing a fluid system in terms of discrete components is inspired by the success of electrical circuit theory. Just as electric circuit theory works when elements are discrete and linear, hydraulic circuit theory works best when the elements (passive components such as pipes or transmission lines or active components such as power packs or pumps) are discrete and linear. This usually means that hydraulic circuit analysis works best for long, thin tubes with discrete pumps, as found in chemical process flow systems or microscale devices.[4][5][6]

The circuit comprises the following components:

• Active components
  • Hydraulic power pack
• Transmission lines
  • Hydraulic hoses
• Passive components
  • Hydraulic cylinders

For the hydraulic fluid to do work, it must flow to the actuator and/or motors, then return to a reservoir. The fluid is then filtered and re-pumped. The path taken by hydraulic fluid is called a hydraulic circuit of which there are several types.

• Open center circuits use pumps that supply a continuous flow. The flow is returned to tank through the control valve's open center; that is, when the control valve is centered, it provides an open return path to the tank and the fluid is not pumped to high pressure. Otherwise, if the control valve is actuated it routes fluid to and from an actuator and tank. The fluid's pressure will rise to meet any resistance, since the pump has a constant output. If the pressure rises too high, fluid returns to the tank through a pressure relief valve. Multiple control valves may be stacked in series.[1] This type of circuit can use inexpensive, constant displacement pumps.
• Closed center circuits supply full pressure to the control valves, whether any valves are actuated or not. The pumps vary their flow rate, pumping very little hydraulic fluid until the operator actuates a valve. The valve's spool therefore doesn't need an open center return path to tank. Multiple valves can be connected in a parallel arrangement and system pressure is equal for all valves.

Open loop and closed loop circuits

Open loop circuits

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Open-loop: Pump-inlet and motor-return (via the directional valve) are connected to the hydraulic tank. The term loop applies to feedback; the more correct term is open versus closed "circuit". Open center circuits use pumps which supply a continuous flow. The flow is returned to the tank through the control valve's open center; that is, when the control valve is centered, it provides an open return path to the tank and the fluid is not pumped to a high pressure. Otherwise, if the control valve is actuated it routes fluid to and from an actuator and tank. The fluid's pressure will rise to meet any resistance, since the pump has a constant output. If the pressure rises too high, fluid returns to the tank through a pressure relief valve. Multiple control valves may be stacked in series. This type of circuit can use inexpensive, constant displacement pumps.

Closed loop circuits

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Closed-loop: Motor-return is connected directly to the pump-inlet. To keep up pressure on the low pressure side, the circuits have a charge pump (a small gear pump) that supplies cooled and filtered oil to the low pressure side. Closed-loop circuits are generally used for hydrostatic transmissions in mobile applications. Advantages: No directional valve and better response, the circuit can work with higher pressure. The pump swivel angle covers both positive and negative flow direction. Disadvantages: The pump cannot be utilized for any other hydraulic function in an easy way and cooling can be a problem due to limited exchange of oil flow. High power closed loop systems generally must have a 'flush-valve' assembled in the circuit in order to exchange much more flow than the basic leakage flow from the pump and the motor, for increased cooling and filtering. The flush valve is normally integrated in the motor housing to get a cooling effect for the oil that is rotating in the motor housing itself. The losses in the motor housing from rotating effects and losses in the ball bearings can be considerable as motor speeds will reach - rev/min or even more at maximum vehicle speed. The leakage flow as well as the extra flush flow must be supplied by the charge pump. A large charge pump is thus very important if the transmission is designed for high pressures and high motor speeds. High oil temperature is usually a major problem when using hydrostatic transmissions at high vehicle speeds for longer periods, for instance when transporting the machine from one work place to the other. High oil temperatures for long periods will drastically reduce the lifetime of the transmission. To keep down the oil temperature, the system pressure during transport must be lowered, meaning that the minimum displacement for the motor must be limited to a reasonable value. Circuit pressure during transport around 200-250 bar is recommended.

Closed loop systems in mobile equipment are generally used for the transmission as an alternative to mechanical and hydrodynamic (converter) transmissions. The advantage is a stepless gear ratio (continuously variable speed/torque) and a more flexible control of the gear ratio depending on the load and operating conditions. The hydrostatic transmission is generally limited to around 200 kW maximum power, as the total cost gets too high at higher power compared to a hydrodynamic transmission. Large wheel loaders for instance and heavy machines are therefore usually equipped with converter transmissions. Recent technical achievements for the converter transmissions have improved the efficiency and developments in the software have also improved the characteristics, for example selectable gear shifting programs during operation and more gear steps, giving them characteristics close to the hydrostatic transmission.

Constant pressure and load-sensing systems

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Hydrostatic transmissions for earth moving machines, such as for track loaders, are often equipped with a separate 'inch pedal' that is used to temporarily increase the diesel engine rpm while reducing the vehicle speed in order to increase the available hydraulic power output for the working hydraulics at low speeds and increase the tractive effort. The function is similar to stalling a converter gearbox at high engine rpm. The inch function affects the preset characteristics for the 'hydrostatic' gear ratio versus diesel engine rpm.

Constant pressure systems

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The closed center circuits exist in two basic configurations, normally related to the regulator for the variable pump that supplies the oil:

• Constant pressure systems (CP), standard. Pump pressure always equals the pressure setting for the pump regulator. This setting must cover the maximum required load pressure. Pump delivers flow according to required sum of flow to the consumers. The CP system generates large power losses if the machine works with large variations in load pressure and the average system pressure is much lower than the pressure setting for the pump regulator. CP is simple in design, and works like a pneumatic system. New hydraulic functions can easily be added and the system is quick in response.
• Constant pressure systems, unloaded. Same basic configuration as 'standard' CP system but the pump is unloaded to a low stand-by pressure when all valves are in neutral position. Not so fast response as standard CP but pump lifetime is prolonged.

Load-sensing systems

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Load-sensing systems (LS) generate less power losses as the pump can reduce both flow and pressure to match the load requirements, but require more tuning than the CP system with respect to system stability. The LS system also requires additional logical valves and compensator valves in the directional valves, thus it is technically more complex and more expensive than the CP system. The LS system generates a constant power loss related to the regulating pressure drop for the pump regulator :

Power loss = Δ p LS &#; Q tot {\displaystyle {\text{Power loss}}=\Delta p_{\text{LS}}\cdot Q_{\text{tot}}}

The average Δ p L S {\displaystyle \Delta p_{LS}} is around 2 MPa (290 psi). If the pump flow is high the extra loss can be considerable. The power loss also increases if the load pressures vary a lot. The cylinder areas, motor displacements and mechanical torque arms must be designed to match load pressure in order to bring down the power losses. Pump pressure always equals the maximum load pressure when several functions are run simultaneously and the power input to the pump equals the (max. load pressure + ΔpLS) x sum of flow.

Five basic types of load sensing systems

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1. Load sensing without compensators in the directional valves. Hydraulically controlled LS pump.
2. Load sensing with up-stream compensator for each connected directional valve. Hydraulically controlled LS pump.
3. Load sensing with down-stream compensator for each connected directional valve. Hydraulically controlled LS pump.
4. Load sensing with a combination of up-stream and down-stream compensators. Hydraulically controlled LS pump.
5. Load sensing with synchronized, both electric controlled pump displacement and electric controlled valve flow area for faster response, increased stability and fewer system losses. This is a new type of LS-system, not yet fully developed.

Technically the down-stream mounted compensator in a valve block can physically be mounted "up-stream", but work as a down-stream compensator.

System type (3) gives the advantage that activated functions are synchronized independent of pump flow capacity. The flow relation between two or more activated functions remains independent of load pressures, even if the pump reaches the maximum swivel angle. This feature is important for machines that often run with the pump at maximum swivel angle and with several activated functions that must be synchronized in speed, such as with excavators. With the type (4) system, the functions with up-stream compensators have priority, for example the steering function for a wheel loader. The system type with down-stream compensators usually have a unique trademark depending on the manufacturer of the valves, for example "LSC" (Linde Hydraulics), "LUDV" (Bosch Rexroth Hydraulics) and "Flowsharing" (Parker Hydraulics) etc. No official standardized name for this type of system has been established but flowsharing is a common name for it.

Components

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Hydraulic pump

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An exploded view of an external gear pump.

Hydraulic pumps supply fluid to the components in the system. Pressure in the system develops in reaction to the load. Hence, a pump rated for 5,000 psi is capable of maintaining flow against a load of 5,000 psi.

Pumps have a power density about ten times greater than an electric motor (by volume). They are powered by an electric motor or an engine, connected through gears, belts, or a flexible elastomeric coupling to reduce vibration.

Common types of hydraulic pumps to hydraulic machinery applications are:

• Gear pump: cheap, durable (especially in g-rotor form), simple. Less efficient, because they are constant (fixed) displacement, and mainly suitable for pressures below 20 MPa ( psi).
• Vane pump: cheap and simple, reliable. Good for higher-flow low-pressure output.
• Axial piston pump: many designed with a variable displacement mechanism, to vary output flow for automatic control of pressure. There are various axial piston pump designs, including swashplate (sometimes referred to as a valveplate pump) and checkball (sometimes referred to as a wobble plate pump). The most common is the swashplate pump. A variable-angle swashplate causes the pistons to reciprocate a greater or lesser distance per rotation, allowing output flow rate and pressure to be varied (greater displacement angle causes higher flow rate, lower pressure, and vice versa).
• Radial piston pump: normally used for very high pressure at small flows.

Piston pumps are more expensive than gear or vane pumps, but provide longer life operating at higher pressure, with difficult fluids and longer continuous duty cycles. Piston pumps make up one half of a hydrostatic transmission.

Control valves

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Control valves on a scissor lift

Directional control valves route the fluid to the desired actuator. They usually consist of a spool inside a cast iron or steel housing. The spool slides to different positions in the housing, and intersecting grooves and channels route the fluid based on the spool's position.

The spool has a central (neutral) position maintained with springs; in this position the supply fluid is blocked, or returned to tank. Sliding the spool to one side routes the hydraulic fluid to an actuator and provides a return path from the actuator to tank. When the spool is moved to the opposite direction the supply and return paths are switched. When the spool is allowed to return to neutral (center) position the actuator fluid paths are blocked, locking it in position.

Directional control valves are usually designed to be stackable, with one valve for each hydraulic cylinder, and one fluid input supplying all the valves in the stack.

Tolerances are very tight in order to handle the high pressure and avoid leaking, spools typically have a clearance with the housing of less than a thousandth of an inch (25 μm). The valve block will be mounted to the machine's frame with a three point pattern to avoid distorting the valve block and jamming the valve's sensitive components.

The spool position may be actuated by mechanical levers, hydraulic pilot pressure, or solenoids which push the spool left or right. A seal allows part of the spool to protrude outside the housing, where it is accessible to the actuator.

The main valve block is usually a stack of off the shelf directional control valves chosen by flow capacity and performance. Some valves are designed to be proportional (flow rate proportional to valve position), while others may be simply on-off. The control valve is one of the most expensive and sensitive parts of a hydraulic circuit.

• Pressure relief valves are used in several places in hydraulic machinery; on the return circuit to maintain a small amount of pressure for brakes, pilot lines, etc... On hydraulic cylinders, to prevent overloading and hydraulic line/seal rupture. On the hydraulic reservoir, to maintain a small positive pressure which excludes moisture and contamination.
• Pressure regulators reduce the supply pressure of hydraulic fluids as needed for various circuits.
• Sequence valves control the sequence of hydraulic circuits; to ensure that one hydraulic cylinder is fully extended before another starts its stroke, for example. Hydraulic circuits can perform a sequence of operations automatically, such as trip-and-reclose three times, then lockout, of an oil-interrupting recloser.

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• Shuttle valves provide a logical or function.
• Check valves are one-way valves, allowing an accumulator to charge and maintain its pressure after the machine is turned off, for example.
• Pilot controlled check valves are one-way valve that can be opened (for both directions) by a foreign pressure signal. For instance if the load should not be held by the check valve anymore. Often the foreign pressure comes from the other pipe that is connected to the motor or cylinder.
• Counterbalance valves are in fact a special type of pilot controlled check valve. Whereas the check valve is open or closed, the counterbalance valve acts a bit like a pilot controlled flow control.
• Cartridge valves are in fact the inner part of a check valve; they are off the shelf components with a standardized envelope, making them easy to populate a proprietary valve block. They are available in many configurations; on/off, proportional, pressure relief, etc. They generally screw into a valve block and are electrically controlled to provide logic and automated functions.
• Hydraulic fuses are in-line safety devices designed to automatically seal off a hydraulic line if pressure becomes too low, or safely vent fluid if pressure becomes too high.
• Auxiliary valves in complex hydraulic systems may have auxiliary valve blocks to handle various duties unseen to the operator, such as accumulator charging, cooling fan operation, air conditioning power, etc. They are usually custom valves designed for the particular machine, and may consist of a metal block with ports and channels drilled. Cartridge valves are threaded into the ports and may be electrically controlled by switches or a microprocessor to route fluid power as needed.

Actuators

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• Hydraulic cylinder
• Hydraulic motor (a pump plumbed in reverse); hydraulic motors with axial configuration use swashplates for highly accurate control and also in 'no stop' continuous (360°) precision positioning mechanisms. These are frequently driven by several hydraulic pistons acting in sequence.
• Hydrostatic transmission
• Brakes

Reservoir

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The hydraulic fluid reservoir holds excess hydraulic fluid to accommodate volume changes from: cylinder extension and contraction, temperature driven expansion and contraction, and leaks. The reservoir is also designed to aid in separation of air from the fluid and also work as a heat accumulator to cover losses in the system when peak power is used. Reservoirs can also help separate dirt and other particulate from the oil, as the particulate will generally settle to the bottom of the tank.

Some designs include dynamic flow channels on the fluid's return path that allow for a smaller reservoir.

Accumulators

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Accumulators are a common part of hydraulic machinery. Their function is to store energy by using pressurized gas. One type is a tube with a floating piston. On the one side of the piston there is a charge of pressurized gas, and on the other side is the fluid. Bladders are used in other designs. Reservoirs store a system's fluid.

Examples of accumulator uses are backup power for steering or brakes, or to act as a shock absorber for the hydraulic circuit.

Hydraulic fluid

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Also known as tractor fluid, hydraulic fluid is the life of the hydraulic circuit. It is usually petroleum oil with various additives. Some hydraulic machines require fire resistant fluids, depending on their applications. In some factories where food is prepared, either an edible oil or water is used as a working fluid for health and safety reasons.

In addition to transferring energy, hydraulic fluid needs to lubricate components, suspend contaminants and metal filings for transport to the filter, and to function well to several hundred degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius.

Filters

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Filters are an important part of hydraulic systems which removes the unwanted particles from fluid. Metal particles are continually produced by mechanical components and need to be removed along with other contaminants.[8]

Filters may be positioned in many locations. The filter may be located between the reservoir and the pump intake. Blockage of the filter will cause cavitation and possibly failure of the pump. Sometimes the filter is located between the pump and the control valves.[9] This arrangement is more expensive, since the filter housing is pressurized, but eliminates cavitation problems and protects the control valve from pump failures. The third common filter location is just before the return line enters the reservoir. This location is relatively insensitive to blockage and does not require a pressurized housing, but contaminants that enter the reservoir from external sources are not filtered until passing through the system at least once. Filters are used from 7 micron to 15 micron depends upon the viscosity grade of hydraulic oil.

Tubes, pipes and hoses

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Hydraulic tubes are seamless steel precision pipes, specially manufactured for hydraulics. The tubes have standard sizes for different pressure ranges, with standard diameters up to 100 mm. The tubes are supplied by manufacturers in lengths of 6 m, cleaned, oiled and plugged. The tubes are interconnected by different types of flanges (especially for the larger sizes and pressures), welding cones/nipples (with o-ring seal), several types of flare connection and by cut-rings. In larger sizes, hydraulic pipes are used. Direct joining of tubes by welding is not acceptable since the interior cannot be inspected.

Hydraulic pipe is used in case standard hydraulic tubes are not available. Generally these are used for low pressure. They can be connected by threaded connections, but usually by welds. Because of the larger diameters the pipe can usually be inspected internally after welding. Black pipe is non-galvanized and suitable for welding.

Hydraulic hose is graded by pressure, temperature, and fluid compatibility. Hoses are used when pipes or tubes can not be used, usually to provide flexibility for machine operation or maintenance. The hose is built up with rubber and steel layers. A rubber interior is surrounded by multiple layers of woven wire and rubber. The exterior is designed for abrasion resistance. The bend radius of hydraulic hose is carefully designed into the machine, since hose failures can be deadly, and violating the hose's minimum bend radius will cause failure. Hydraulic hoses generally have steel fittings swaged on the ends. The weakest part of the high pressure hose is the connection of the hose to the fitting. Another disadvantage of hoses is the shorter life of rubber which requires periodic replacement, usually at five to seven year intervals.

Tubes and pipes for hydraulic n applications are internally oiled before the system is commissioned. Usually steel piping is painted outside. Where flare and other couplings are used, the paint is removed under the nut, and is a location where corrosion can begin. For this reason, in marine applications most piping is stainless steel.

Seals, fittings and connections

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Components of a hydraulic system [sources (e.g. pumps), controls (e.g. valves) and actuators (e.g. cylinders)] need connections that will contain and direct the hydraulic fluid without leaking or losing the pressure that makes them work. In some cases, the components can be made to bolt together with fluid paths built-in. In more cases, though, rigid tubing or flexible hoses are used to direct the flow from one component to the next. Each component has entry and exit points for the fluid involved (called ports) sized according to how much fluid is expected to pass through it.

There are a number of standardized methods in use to attach the hose or tube to the component. Some are intended for ease of use and service, others are better for higher system pressures or control of leakage. The most common method, in general, is to provide in each component a female-threaded port, on each hose or tube a female-threaded captive nut, and use a separate adapter fitting with matching male threads to connect the two. This is functional, economical to manufacture, and easy to service.

Fittings serve several purposes;

• To join components with ports of different sizes.
• To bridge different standards; O-ring boss to JIC, or pipe threads to face seal, for example.
• To allow proper orientation of components, a 90°, 45°, straight, or swivel fitting is chosen as needed. They are designed to be positioned in the correct orientation and then tightened.
• To incorporate bulkhead hardware to pass the fluid through an obstructing wall.
• A quick disconnect fitting may be added to a machine without modification of hoses or valves

A typical piece of machinery or heavy equipment may have thousands of sealed connection points and several different types:

• Pipe fittings, the fitting is screwed in until tight, difficult to orient an angled fitting correctly without over or under tightening.
• O-ring boss, the fitting is screwed into a boss and orientated as needed, an additional nut tightens the fitting, washer and o-ring in place.
• Flare fittings, are metal to metal compression seals deformed with a cone nut and pressed into a flare mating.
• Face seal, metal flanges with a groove and o-ring seal are fastened together.
• Beam seals are costly metal to metal seals used primarily in aircraft.
• Swaged seals, tubes are connected with fittings that are swaged permanently in place. Primarily used in aircraft.

Elastomeric seals (O-ring boss and face seal) are the most common types of seals in heavy equipment and are capable of reliably sealing more than 6,000 psi (41 MPa) of fluid pressure.

See also

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References and notes

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• Hydraulic Power System Analysis, A. Akers, M. Gassman, & R. Smith, Taylor & Francis, New York, , ISBN 0---9

A directional control valve is used in hydraulic systems to precisely control the flow of hydraulic fluid. The valves allow directional control of the fluid by diverting the flow in different directions.

Detour from a source to an actuator or from an actuator to the return line are possible. This allows hydraulic cylinders or hydraulic motors to be controlled to perform movements in different directions.

In this article, we take a closer look at the functions, features and designs of directional control valves. Be sure to read on and learn more about ARGO-HYTOS solutions for hydraulics.

How do directional control valves actually work?

Directional control valves provide precise control of flow in hydraulic lines. They provide several functions that are critical to the efficient operation of a hydraulic system.

The first function of a directional control valve is to control the direction of flow. It can divert flow from a source to an actuator or from an actuator to the return line. This allows movement in different directions, such as forward and reverse movement of a hydraulic cylinder or rotation of a hydraulic motor.

Another important function of the directional control valve is to block the flow. In certain situations, it is necessary to stop the flow. This applies, for example, when a certain function is not needed or when maintenance work is being performed on a part of the system.

The directional control valve can block the flow and prevent the hydraulic fluid from entering a certain area. This allows maintenance work to be carried out without paralyzing the entire system.

What are the characteristics of directional control valves?

A characteristic feature of directional control valves is the number of connections and switching positions. Depending on the application and requirements, directional control valves with different connections and switching positions can be selected.

The number of connections indicates how many hydraulic lines can be connected to the valve. The number of switching positions indicates how many different positions the valve can take to control the flow accordingly.

By combining different connections and switching positions, directional control valves can be used in a variety of ways and allow for complex hydraulic control systems.

Another aspect is the different spool shapes of directional control valves and their functions. ARGO-HYTOS offers a variety of spool shapes for directional control valves, including:

• 4/3 directional control valve with Y spool for unpressurized float position
• Hydraulically releasable check valves
• Overcenter valves

Each spool shape has its specific function and is suitable for certain applications. Choosing the right spool shape enables optimal control of the hydraulic system and ensures reliable and precise operation.

Directional control valves with different characteristics from ARGO-HYTOS

Directional control valves are available from ARGO-HYTOS in a wide range of designs and variants. The range includes over 30 different spool shapes as standard, which are suitable for different applications and functions. In addition, we always offer our customers the option of having special spools developed and manufactured by our experts.

When selecting a directional control valve, various options are available to customize the function and actuation of the valve. We have developed ten different manual overrides to allow manual control of the valve in an emergency.

Furthermore, seven different nominal voltages of the solenoids at the coil connection are available for selection. They ensure optimum adaptation to electrical systems. Five different solenoid coils are also available for electromagnetic actuation.

The plug variants also play an important role in the installation and connection of the directional control valves. We offer nine different plug variants to enable easy and safe connection with other components of the hydraulic system.

We place great emphasis on the quality and durability of our products. Therefore, directional control valves from ARGO-HYTOS are subjected to a salt spray test according to DIN EN ISO . This ensures reliable surface protection for up to 1,000 hours.

Types of directional control valves

A common design of directional control valves are the screw-in cartridge valves. These valves are characterized by their simple assembly, as they can be screwed directly into the corresponding threaded connections. The screw-in cartridge valves allow a flexible design of the hydraulic system and can be easily adapted and extended.

Spool type design with housing

Another design of directional control valves is the spool design with housing, also known as a surface mounted valve with uniform hole patterns according to ISO 440. In this design, a spool made of hardened steel is used as a control element.

The spool is slid as a whole in the cast iron body. It can connect or close ports to change the function of the valve. The spool design allows precise control of flow. It is often used in applications where extremely precise control is required.

Modular design: Directional control valves RPEK

The modular design with directional control valves is also known as RPEK valve design. In this design, the spool is integrated into the module plates for horizontal interlinking. The valve consists of an inlet section with pressure relief valve and/or switchable pressureless circulation as well as one to eight flangeable directional control valves. The P (pressure) and T (tank) connections are looped through all sections.

The modular design offers the advantage of small dimensions, flexibility and compactness. It is particularly suitable for applications where limited installation space is available. By integrating several valves into one module, efficient and reliable control of the flow is made possible.

More designs

Another type of directional control valve is the screw-in cartridge valve in spool design. Here, a spool in a steel sleeve opens or closes radial bores. Also widely used are screw-in cartridge valves with a poppet seat, in which the spool is replaced by a hardened poppet. These designs each offer specific advantages such as simple assembly or technical leakage-free operation.

Significance of the operation and control of directional control valves

Depending on the requirements and application areas, various actuation and control options of directional control valves are available.

Actuation options for directional control valves

• Electromagnetic: Directional control valves can be operated electromagnetically. Here, the force is generated by an actuating element such as a pole tube, coil, armature or plunger. This method of actuation provides precise and reliable control of the valve.
• Manual: Manual actuation methods such as hand force or foot force are used in certain applications. They provide simple and direct control over the directional control valve.
• Mechanical: In mechanical actuation, the directional control valve is controlled by mechanical forces, for example, levers or push buttons.
• Pneumatic: Directional valves can be pneumatically actuated, using compressed air to control flow. This allows for quick and efficient control of the valve.
• Hydraulic: Hydraulic actuation uses hydraulic control pressure to move the spool of the directional control valve. This method provides precise and reliable control of the valve.

Meaning of spring return or pulse control with detent

Spring return or pulse control with detent is an important function in the actuation of directional control valves. It allows the valve to return to a specific position when the actuating force is removed. This ensures defined control of the flow and safe operation of the valve.

The detent ensures that the valve remains in the desired position even when no actuating force is applied. This is particularly important in applications where the position of the valve must remain stable over a long period of time to ensure reliable operation of the system.

Conclusion: The importance of directional control valves

Directional control valves enable precise control of flow in hydraulic systems. The valves provide directional control or block flow for specific functions or maintenance. They can be optimally used to ensure efficient operation and reliable control.

Would you like to learn more about our product portfolio? Or are you interested in an individual solution for your application? Then do not hesitate to contact the experts at ARGO-HYTOS. We offer comprehensive advice and support in selecting and implementing the most suitable valve technology for your needs.

Visit our contact page and let us advise you personally and without obligation!